Staff Writer Aria Gharachorlou discusses new research from King’s College London (KCL) revealing a protein-driven mechanism which times the maturation of key brain cells. This sheds light on the reason behind why toddlers experience early motor awkwardness.
A Molecular Switch in action
The cerebral cortex relies on diverse neurons to coordinate movement – process sensations – and support language. These cells are generated from birth, but become fully functional in the weeks and years that follow.
Scientists in the Marín Lab at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN) have identified PGC-1α (a protein that regulates energy and neuron development) as this critical “switch” which reads neural activity and ultimately triggers the genetic program. Allowing for fast-spiking parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) interneurons (a type of brain cell that helps regulate and balance signals between neurons) to mature.
Dr Monika Moissidis, the study’s lead author explained – “Activity in the brain is both necessary and sufficient to trigger the expression of PV and the formation of perineuronal nets, hallmarks of mature PV+ cells – and this process is mediated by PGC-1α”.
From mice to toddler coordination comparisons
Using mouse models – the team manipulated neural activity, showing how PGC-1α drives both structural and functional maturation of PV+ interneurons.
Overexpression of the protein accelerated development; conversely, its absence led to stunting the formation of perineuronal nets, supportive mesh-like structures that enwrap mature neurons.
The comparison with mice can be correlated to humans. In mice the developmental timeline unfolds over weeks, but in humans it can span years – offering a molecular explanation as to why toddlers wobble and fall long after other mammals have steadied their steps.
Implications for neurodevelopmental disorders
PV+ interneuron dysfunction has been linked to conditions such as autism and schizophrenia – where inhibitory circuits in the brain fail to mature properly – Professor Oscar Marin, senior author on the paper, warns that “Disruptions during this vulnerable postnatal window could contribute to neurodevelopmental disorders”, highlighting a potential target for early interventions.
By mapping how neural activity could regulate and maintain interneuron maturation, researchers open new avenues for therapies that could calibrate PGC-1α signalling during critical developmental stages.
Looking ahead
The question remains, could boosting PGC-1α expression speed up interneuron maturation in animal models lead to targeted treatments to shorten the period of motor and sensory vulnerability in at-risk children? Future studies are needed to explore safe ways of modulating this molecular switch – a challenge the Marín Lab is already gearing up to tackle.
King’s researches stress that this work marks just the beginning of a deeper understanding of postnatal brain development. As scientists refine their grasp on how toddlers’ brains grow they aim to edge closer to interventions that ensure every child can move and learn with confidence.
